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Stalinist show trial of the Kraków Curia
The Stalinist show trial of the Kraków Curia〔(Kościół w Polsce po tzw. procesie kurii krakowskiej ) ''(Church in Poland following the so called Trial of the Kraków Curia)''. Photo-exhibit. ''Institute of National Remembrance,'' Poland. Retrieved from the Internet Archive on February 15, 2013.〕〔( „Wielkie procesy pokazowe w Krakowie” (Stalinist show trials in Kraków). ) ''Instytut Pamięci Narodowej''. Kraków, 29 stycznia 2004 r. 〕 was a public trial of four Roman Catholic priests – members of the Kraków diocesan Curia – including three lay persons, accused by the Communist authorities in the People's Republic of Poland of subversion and spying for the United States. The staged trial, based on the Soviet formula, was held before the Military District Court of Kraków from January 21 to 26, 1953 at a public-event-hall of the Szadkowski Plant.〔(1953 - W Krakowie rozpoczął się proces księży kurii krakowskiej ) ''Dziennik Polski'' 〕 The court, headed by the hardline Stalinist judge Mieczysław Widaj, announced its verdict on January 27, 1953 sentencing to death Father Józef Lelito, Fr. Michał Kowalik, and Fr. Edward Chachlica. The priests were stripped of all civil and constitutional rights,〔(Plate 13: ) "Wyrok w krakowskim procesie bandy szpiegów..." (''Sentence in the Kraków trial of a band of spies...'' (snapshot). ) Photo-exhibit. ''Institute of National Remembrance,'' Poland. Retrieved November 7, 2011〕 but their death penalties were subsequently not enforced. The remaining defendants were sentenced to sentences ranging from 6 years in prison to life (Fr. Franciszek Szymonek). The fear-inspiring court judgments were endorsed politically by the Resolution of the Polish Writers Union in Kraków on February 8, 1953, signed by many prominent members. A series of similar trials followed.〔
==Stalinist repressions against the Catholic Church==
The ''"war against religion"'', in which in the one year of 1950, a total of 123 Roman Catholic priests were thrown in jail,〔("Devil's Choice. High-ranking Communist Agents in the Polish Catholic Church" ) By David Dastych, Canada Free Press (CFP), January 10, 2007. Retrieved from the ''Internet Archive'' on November 8, 2011.〕 became the responsibility of the Ministry of Public Security of Poland and its 5th Department created in July 1946 specifically for that purpose. Since the late 1940s, it was headed by interrogator Julia Brystiger (née Prajs) who personally directed the operation to arrest and detain the Primate of Poland, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński.〔Barbara Fijałkowska, ( RÓŻAŃSKI "LIBERAŁEM" ), 15 December 2002, Fundacja Orientacja ''abcnet''; see also: B. Fijałkowska, ''Borejsza i Różański. Przyczynek do dziejów stalinizmu w Polsce'', ISBN 83-85513-49-3. 〕 The department specialized in the persecution and torture of Polish religious personalities. Brystygier, born to a Jewish family in Stryj (now Ukraine), dedicated herself to ideological struggle against all forms of religion.〔 Nicknamed ''Bloody Luna'' by the victims of her torture techniques, Brystygier was responsible for the arrest of 2,000 Jehovah's Witnesses for their religious beliefs.〔
The trial was a key element in the subsequent wave of repressions against the Church. First, on February 9, 1953, the communist government issued ''The decree on appointments of clergy to church positions'', assuming total control over the way in which positions in the Church were filled. A month later, on March 8, 1953 the authorities stopped publication of the Catholic weekly ''Tygodnik Powszechny'' in reprisal for its alleged refusal to include a eulogy commemorating the death of Joseph Stalin. The magazine was taken over (until October 1956) by a pro-government secular group ''PAX Association''. Finally, on September 14, 1953, the communist apparatus launched a separate show-trial of Bishop Czesław Kaczmarek, coupled with a series of the so-called ''splinter trials'' of various "informants" sentenced to an average of 12–15 years. Kaczmarek, tortured in custody before being forced to sign a confession and admit his guilt, was sentenced to 12 years in prison on September 22, 1953. On September 25, 1953, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski was arrested.〔 Three days later, on September 28, 1953, a deeply intimidated Catholic Bishops' Conference issued an official condemnation of sabotage against the state. In parallel, the Office of the Council of Ministers (Urząd Rady Ministrów) organized its own ceremony on December 17, 1953, welcoming the ''government-approved'' Bishops, Diocesan administrators (Vicar capitulars), and Suffragans.〔
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